The Emancipation Proclamation - a freedom for slaves - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 966 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2019/10/30 Category History Essay Level High school Tags: Emancipation Proclamation Essay Did you like this example? On January 1st, 1863, President Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation as the nation approached its third year of the Civil war. The proclamation declared â€Å"that all persons held as slaves, within the rebellious states are, and henceforward shall be free.† But the Emancipation Proclamation was limited in many ways, it only applied states that was untouched by slavery. It also exempted some parts of the Southern states they were under the control of the Northern states. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Emancipation Proclamation a freedom for slaves" essay for you Create order The freedom that was depended on the Union military victory. Even though the Emancipation Proclamation did not end slavery, it gave some hope to the Africans Americans that were fighting in the war. â€Å"In the army black soldiers received counterparts. Organized into segregated units under sometimes abusive white officers, they initially received lower pay.† ( Give Me Liberty An American History: Chap 14). The African Americans were treated unfairly. This is so because they were assigned to do manual labor rather than fight in combat, and they were confined to ranks below that of a commissioned officer in the armed force. In this quote â€Å"and the Executive Government of the United States, including the military and naval authority thereof, will recognize and maintain the freedom of such persons, and will do no act or acts to repress such persons, or any of them, in any efforts they may make for their actual freedom.†( American Battlefield Trust: Abraham Lincolnâ₠¬â„¢s Emancipation Proclamation). This demonstrates why the African Americans were so eager to join the fight in a war. Joining the armed forces would guarantee ones freedom from slavery. Unfortunately, it was freedom for a small number of slaves. Prior to the American Civil War in 1860, there were about 14,000 African Americans residing in Washington D.C. Of that number, approximately three thousand of them were slaves. In 1861 seven Southern States succeed from the Union and created their own government. President Abraham Lincoln did not initially plan to free the slaves in rebelling southern states. The Congress passed a Compensated Emancipation Act in 1862 that paid slave owners to release their slaves. After two years of war, President Lincoln enacted the Emancipation Proclamation, freeing slaves in rebelling Southern states. He was concerned that freeing all slaves would disrupt the slave-holding border states. President Lincoln repeatedly stated he had no intention of abolition. President Lincoln also stated he wanted to avoid military emancipation of Southern states. This factor leads me to believe that the Emancipation Proclamation was intended to be a politi cal movement against the rebelling Southern states rather than an act of advocacy for African American rights. President Lincoln was concerned that the total rejection of slavery would alienate border states. Because so many border states had slaves, Lincoln wanted to use a gradual, compensated, and most importantly voluntary emancipation. The Emancipation Proclamation did not bring an effective end to slavery, but it did initiate the process and established a way for minorities to attain equality. The Emancipation Proclamation and the Thirteenth Amendment went hand in hand because of the Civil War. It was the major turning point in history that brought the long process of ending legal slavery in the United States. On April 8, 1864, the US Senate passed a resolution that would bring an amendment to the Constitution that would end slavery, but the House of Representatives failed to pass it. A month later on Jan 31st, 1865 the resolution was succeeded. The Amendment force Congress to enforce the amendment with the appropriate legislation. The amendment was sent to the states ratification office on Feb 1st, 1865. The Emancipation Proclamation was a firm Demonstration of President Lincoln war powers. At first, he didn’t get the support from his advisors, it wasnt until the success of the Battle of Antietam that he gain the support of his cabinet members. The battle between the Union and the Confederacy during the Civil war was the Bloodiest day that the day nation has an eve r seen. After the Union victory, it resulted in Pres. Lincoln the Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation on Sep 22nd, 1862. The impact of the Emancipation Proclamation was not in full effect until after Jan 1st, 1863, because the rebelling states were not under Union control. However it did add a purpose for fighting in the war, the Union was now fighting to end slavery. The Emancipation Proclamation didn’t have many accomplishments but it was a stepping stool for the more major events that took place after. It did not put an end to slavery but it was a turning point. It freed the enslaved, but slaves that ran away were held as contraband with no guarantee that they wont be returned to slavery. But they were held and paid for their labor. It opens the door to black soldiers volunteering to fight in the army. Lincoln declared that African Americans would be received into the armed services by the end of the war African Americans would serve in the navy and the Union army. The Emancipation Proclamation helped lifted the ban on enticement and put in place the Confiscation Act. Which was put in place to liberate slaves in seceded states, Its stated that Confederate military official or civilian, who did not surrender within the 60 days of the act would have their slaves freed. Which weaken the Southern states. It pushed the slave-holding border st ates loyal to the Union. The proclamation declared â€Å"That all persons held as slaves â€Å" within the rebellious states† Are, and henceforward shall be free. But the Emancipation Proclamation was limited in many ways, it only applied states that was untouched by slavery. In 1861 the Southern States succeed from the Union and created their own government. President Lincoln did not initially plan to free the slaves in rebelling southern states. After the war, President Lincoln enacted the Emancipation Proclamation, freeing slaves in the Southern states.

My Current Field Placement As A Social Work Intern Essay

My current field placement as a social work intern is at the Family Assessment Program (FAP). FAP is a voluntary program that aims to strengthen families and help them stay together. FAP seeks to reduce youth’s future involvement with the juvenile justice and the child welfare system. The clienteles that FAP deals with, are parents who are having difficulties with their teenage children and want assistance and guidance with changing the children’s behavior and developing a positive relationship. In addition, FAP is the last step before parent files for a Person In Need of Supervision (PINS). FAP would assess the family situation by interviewing parents and children individually and together, they determine the best suitable intervention for the family. If the intervention does not solve the issue or the child refuses to participate, then the alternative is to file a PINS to control the child’s behavior. Engaging with some families, I was able to apply four c oncepts; empathy, boundaries, social taboo and focused listening. In applying these concepts, I was able to identify my obstacles, weaknesses, strengths and develop my social work skills. The following scenarios will focus on my strategies with applying the concepts, the obstacles I encountered and ways in which I could have improved the concepts. Through self-reflection, I was able to select four cases where I was able to apply the above-mentioned concepts. Empathy. Shulman defined empathy as â€Å"helping the clientShow MoreRelatedObtaining An International Placement Interests Me2243 Words   |  9 Pagesinternational placement interests me because it would present me with an invaluable opportunity to cultivate unique skills needed for a future career in international social work. The United Nations High Commissioner of Refugees’ Community-Based Protection Unit (UNHCR CBP) Geneva placement is the perfect internship for me to develop more insight into how international policies and organizations influence our response to the needs of our global refugee population. The UNHCR CBP Geneva placement is my top choiceRead MoreWhat Do You Believe You Reached Your Goals? Essay1311 Words   |  6 Pagesexperience and time in the social work field I will continue to make improvements and continue to increase the ability to exceed each of the goals that were established in the learning contract. I am one who believes that there is always room for improvement especially for someone such as myself that has a strong desire to continue to grow. 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I completedRead MoreWorking With Evidence Based Practices Essay1155 Words   |  5 Pages In the field of social work, workers are constantly faced with practice issues, ethical conundrums, lack of needed supervision, and personal feelings regarding the work they do. When supervision is limited or nonexistent, one course of action could be to form a consultation group of one or more peers or mentors. This allows the social worker to receive supportive feedback and critical advice when needed. The construction of peer consultation groups can provide an opportunity to meet informallyRead MoreThe Unhcr Geneva Placement Is The Perfect Internship For Me2265 Words   |  10 PagesGeneva Placement is the perfect internship for me to develop a deeper understanding of how international policies and organizations influence our response to the needs of the global refugee population. The UNHCR’s Community-Based Protection Unit (CBP) is attractive for several reasons. 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As my knowledge in civil wars and terrorism increased, I became more compelled to address neglected injustice and victims of human rights violations. Eventually, my focus shifted to transnational issues centered on victims of the conflicts, refugees and asylum seekers. I saw my fellow classmates learning and realizing the need and v alue of defending human rights, but many of them moved onRead MoreThe Juvenile Service Department Is A Centralized Processing, Referral And Evaluation Center For All Youths Arrested Essay2013 Words   |  9 Pagesan intern at the Juvenile Services Department, I have a caseload of youth that are participating in the program, I am responsible for conducting intake assessments with the child and the child’s parent’s and record the gathered informations into the system. It is my responsibility to report the youth’s progress in the program, treatment plans, weekly/monthly progress reports, GAIN-Q, caseloads, answering phone, scheduling appointments, and clients evaluations. Further on in my field placement I willRead MoreThe Juvenile Service Department Is A Centralized Processing, Referral, And Evaluation Center Essay2071 Words   |  9 Pages As an intern at the Juvenile Services Department, I have a caseload of youth that are participating in the program, I am responsible for conducting intake assessments with the child and the child’s parent’s and record the gathered information into the system. It is my responsibility to report the youth’s progress in the program, treatment plans, weekly/monthly progress reports, GAIN-Q, caseloads, answering phones, scheduling appointments, and clients evaluations. Further on in my field placement

Daniel Allistair Kaffee Free Essays

I do know you. Daniel AlliStair Kaffee, born June 8th, 1964 at Boston Mercy Hospital. Your father’s Lionel Kaffee, former Navy Judge Advocate and Attorney General, of the United States, died 1985. We will write a custom essay sample on Daniel Allistair Kaffee or any similar topic only for you Order Now You went to Harvard Law on a Navy scholarship, probably because that’s what your father wanted you to do, and now you’re just treading water for the three years you’ve gotta serve in the JAG Corps, just kinda layin’ low til you can get out and get a real job. And if that’s the situation, that’s fine, I won’t tell anyone. But my feeling is that if this case is handled in the same fast-food, slick-ass, Persian Bazaar manner with which you seem to handle everything else, something’s gonna get missed. And I wouldn’t be doing my job if I allowed Dawson and Downey to spend any more time in prison than absolutely necessary, because their attorney had pre-determined the path of least resistance. I do know you. Daniel AlliStair Kaffee, born June 8th, 1964 at Boston Mercy Hospital. Your father’s Lionel Kaffee, former Navy Judge Advocate and Attorney General, of the United States, died 1985. You went to Harvard Law on a Navy scholarship, probably because that’s what your father wanted you to do, and now you’re just treading water for the three years you’ve gotta serve in the JAG Corps, just kinda layin’ low til you can get out and get a real job. And if that’s the situation, that’s fine, I won’t tell anyone. But my feeling is that if this case is handled in the same fast-food, slick-ass, Persian Bazaar manner with which you seem to handle everything else, something’s gonna get missed. And I wouldn’t be doing my job if I allowed Dawson and Downey to spend any more time in prison than absolutely necessary, because their attorney had pre-determined the path of least resistance. How to cite Daniel Allistair Kaffee, Papers

Change Management Innovative Practices Managing

Question: Discuss about the Change Management for Innovative Practices Managing. Answer: Introdution: According to this theory, change management is divided into eight stages. The following are the eight steps of organizational change management according to John Kotter. Increasing urgency. In this step of change management, people in the organization should be encouraged to move, set objectives and make them real as well as relevant. This encourages people in organizations to set themselves goals and work towards achieving them. Building the guiding team. There is the second step in managing change in an organization. The management of an organization should gather the right group of people with a combination of the desired emotional commitment as well as right set of skills. Understanding the vision of the organization. The management together with the team that has been put in place should come up with a vision and strategy. They should then work on emotional and creative issues that are important in delivering efficiency in service delivery. Communicate for buy in. In this step communicate the vision of the organization to all people involved in the organization. The management should focus on responding to the needs of the people accordingly. Make proper use of technology to impact positively on your organization. Empowering action. Take actions that are geared towards the vision. Remove obstacles and allow feedback information and take advice from people especially leaders. The organization should appreciate and reward progress and good performance. The sixth step involves setting achievable targets bit by bit until the overall objective is achieved. Step seven involves encouraging and following up on continuous change in the organization and reporting on progress. In the final stage, change should be emphasized through activities such as promotion and recruitment. Nudge theory This theory emerged from the studies of the early 21st century. Its a very innovative and powerful tool of managing change in the organization. This theory elaborates that people think and act emotionally and through their instincts rather than by being rational and logical in their thinking (Green, Hauser, 2012). This pattern of thinking will influence the decisions that individuals are likely to make. The theory explains that this type of thinking can influence people to behave in ways that are not helpful and even dangerous. This can happen when people are subjected to pressure or manipulation from various sources. Principles of nudge theory can be applied to influence people`s behavior and line of thoughts. This can happen through intervening indirectly rather than forcing people to adopt to change (Rei, 2012). After reviewing the above two theories, change management can be defined as the process by which the management of an organization can help people to accept and adopt to changes in processes, organization, other people and even change in their environment smoothly and successfully through psychologically influencing their patterns of behavior and thinking (Wallace, Fertig Schneller,2007). The above definition is influenced by John Kotter in that it is a process that needs to follow all the steps in order for change to stick. The definition is influenced by the nudge theory by stating that change management involves influencing the thoughts and behavior of people positively so as to accept change without coercion or force (Beech MacIntosh, 2012). Yahoo is an American multinational company which was started in the year 1994. it was started by two students, Jerry Yang and David Filo who were electrical engineering students at the Stanford University. Yahoo grew rapidly throughout the 1990s and made various acquisitions during this period. The company was a major player in technology as well as internet provision services until a wave of organizational change and mismanagement brought it to its knees (Parkin,2009). The years between 2004 and 2008 saw major changes in the management of the organization especially the top management. This was followed by board room intrigues many of which came to public light. After the Scott Thompson took over the company in the year 2012, he oversaw a major layoff of the companys employees. Yahoo announced lying of 2000 of its employees in April 2012. Before the lay-offs, there was a series of resignations by high profile management team individuals including the chief product officer as well as the vice president of computational advertising. Many of the top managers were poached by its competitors. The new CEO announced major re-organizing the organization with focus on customer needs. There were changes in the culture of the organization after a new CEO took over. The company was known to have a bureaucratic culture which discouraged innovation. The new CEO made the organization more democratic and flexible. The CEO made new appointments and changed the comp ensation policies of the company. However most of this tactics backfired because, she wanted to make this changes within a very short period which was impossible. The change agent in this case was the top management of the organization, employees and the shareholders. The change in the management of the organization brought about fear among the employees due to the uncertainty about their jobs. Most of the employees were affected psychologically and this may have affected their productivity. The poor financial performance of the organization also put employees at a very undesirable state of mind. The sudden change of culture in the organization may have been met by resistance from the employees. This is because they were not prepared well and adequately for this change. The top management of the organization also did not involve the employees in the change process (Wallace, Fertig Schneller, 2007). The definition of organizational change as described above is relevant with the change that is going on at yahoo in that organizational change is a process. This process takes time to be implemented to work appropriately. It should also involve the people who are to be affected by the change. Managing change in the organization as in my definition above should involve preparing the minds of those involved so that their behavior and thought can be aligned to desired organizational change. Failure to follow the step involved in organizational change management as well as implement the nudge theory may have resulted in failure by Yahoo to achieve the organizational change they desired (Johnson Paton, 2007) Table 1: SWOT analysis of Yahoo inc Strengths l Large number of Yahoo mail users l Large marketing revenues l Large product portfolio Weaknesses l Decreasing market share in search engine l Decreasing market share in mail services l Unhealthy financial position l Decreasing advertisement revenues Opportunities l Advertising in internet and social media is becoming common hence an opportunity for growth l Increase use of mobile phones and internet in developing nations provide it with an opportunity l Well structured business directory which could be customized to generate revenue Threats l Increasing competition l Role of advertising is being taken up by social media hence reducing Yahoo`s revenues From the above SWOT analysis of Yahoo, deductions can be made on the why the company had to make the organizational changes discussed in question two above. When you analyze the strengths that the company possesses, the company may have made the organizational changes in order to maximize on the strengths of the company to generate extra revenues (Johnson Paton, 2007). The large number of Yahoo mail users could be used by the company to generate additional revenue. The major reasons that made Yahoo to make the organizational changes that they made were due to the weaknesses that they have and the threats that exist in the market. Changes in the top executives of the company severally over a short period show a determination by the directors and the shareholders to turn around the fortunes of the company. The layoff of over 2000 Yahoo employees was in order to reduce the costs of labor which will in turn reduce the losses that the company is making. This change was made because of the financial difficulties that the company is facing. The executive aims of implementing change in the company were taking advantage of the opportunities that are available in the market (Sharma, 2007). The acquisition of flickr an upcoming social media company was is an indication of how keen the management was on taking advantage of the available business opportunities. The company also poached several management talents from its competitors so as to help the company with the right management skills which would help the company weaken their competitors while at the same time becoming stronger. The main advantage of SWOT analysis is that it is simple to analyze and understand. This technique can reduce very many factors into small number which is easier to work with. The disadvantage of the SWOT analysis is that it is subjective. This means that same thing can mean different things to different people. An example is that one organizations strength could be seen as a weakness for another organization. Another shortcoming of SWOT analysis is that it tends to simply things hence may result in making conclusions that are inappropriate (Finch,2011). Change agents can be simply defined as the people within or outside the organization who are affected by transformation that occurs in an organization. There are various types of change agents in an organization. This includes; outside pressure type. People change technology type and development of organization type. The role of change agent refers to how the change agents affect realization and implementation of change in an organization. There are three different roles played by change agents in organizations (Green Hauser, 2012). They include; training, consulting and research. Other roles of change agents in organization are; the mediator, the facilitator, counselor, advocate and detective. These roles are explained below; This role can be played by both the external agent and the internal agents. A consultant manager connects employees within the organization with the data from outside the organization. He/she also helps employees within the organization to access data emanating from inside the organization. The general role of consultants is to help people within the organization to solve problems and overcome challenges through data analysis (Paton McCalman, 2008). Apart from performing the consulting role, an agent may play the role of training. The change agent here helps people in an organization to learn how they can use data to implement change. The change agent offers members of an organization set of skills which may include retrieving, translating and using data for problem solving. Agents of change also play the role of researchers of the organization. They may train other people within the organization on the skills and knowledge needed to evaluate how effective actions that have been taken. The change agent investigates the hidden or unknown factors that may affect the implementation of change in the organization. The will help the organization to effect change in an organization successfully. Dealing and interacting with the behavior and attitudes requires a lot of knowledge and information on various aspects of change implementation. This therefore means that the change agent has to search for information in order to determine the issues that may be hindering change in the organization (Little, 2014). The detective needs to be very keen. Organizational change needs to be backed up and pushed by a particular change agent. This change agent keeps all the aspects that are involved in achieving this change in line with the path that planned change is designed to take. The change agent should ensure that people within the organization keep focused on achieving the required change. The agent of change in any organization must be an expert in that particular field. This will help the change agent to command authority and respect from among the people in the organization. By sharing and demonstrating knowledge and skills, the change agents will show that they can be relied upon to provide guidance and leadership to the others in the organization. People in an organization that is experiencing change will have different views on how change should implement change in the organization. This therefore means that an agent of change should help solve conflicts in an organization which may distract the organization from achieving their objective concerning change. They help to improve understanding and ensuring harmony among the people in the organization. The above roles of change agents in the organization apply in each and every organization that is experiencing change. The above roles apply for Yahoo inc in many ways. The top management of Yahoo are involved in the consulting role where, they collect data from outside the organization. This data from outside the organization can be used in decision making by the management. The managers of Yahoo are also highly trained and posses a lot of knowledge and skills that they use to impact change in the company. The CEO can train the companies` staff and impact the special skill on their workforce. On the aspect of research, the top management of Yahoo Company has to do a lot of background research. The management should collect information from outside and inside the organization. This information helps yahoo managers to prevent any undesired effects of change in that organization. Research by the managers will also help them to learn from the cases of organizations that had taken simila r organizational change and they had either failed or succeeded (Sharma,2007). A problem centered approach to organizational is an approach used by managers of organizations to manage change in their organizations through the context of a real problem. Managers are presented with a real problem in the organization that calls for changes to be made in the organizational. This technique helps managers acquire problem solving methods and technique (Andriopoulos Dawson, 2008). The dialogic approach to organizational change is a method of implementing change in an organization by following the three transformational processes discussed by Bushe and Marshak. This process involves breakdown of current social construction. The status quo in the organization is done away with and the old ways of doing things are no longer seen as effective and efficient hence bringing about change. The second step in this approach involves changing of narratives which gave meaning and made the organization coherent. The final step involves the introduction of new ways of doing things, new behaviors and thinking patterns. The John Kotters 8 step approach to organizational change is under pined to the problem centered approach to organizational change. This is because the John Kotters model is focused on the steps that managers should follow to implement change in the organization when they are faced with challenges hence fitting the problem centric approach. The approach does not focus on the behavior of the people who are to be affected by the organizational change. This model is therefore about making sure that change takes place successfully in the organization no matter the effect the method used will have on people (Green Hauser, 2012). The dialogic approach is under-pined in the nudge theory which focuses on the behavior of people within the organization. It emphasizes on nudging or encouraging them to change by applying principles of behavioral science. This approach emphasizes that choices should be should be aligned to the way people behave. The dialogic approach as well as the nudge theory uses the exploits of the psychology of the human mind and their behavior to bring about successful organizational change (Smillie Hailey, 2001). The benefits of the problem centered approach include: The problem centered approach to organizational change helps managers develop problem solving skills. This approach gives managers of an organization to encounter challenges and problems firsthand and this gives them experience which can be used to solve problems of similar nature in future. The drawback that is experienced with the problem centered approach is that it does not consider the behavior of the people in the organization and its focus is purely on solving the problem at hand. The advantage of the dialogic approach is that it involves the people within the organization a lot. This helps the people adapt their behavior towards the change hence it wont have an adverse effect on their productivity (Little, 2014). The short coming of this approach is that it cannot be applied where change needs to be implemented within a short period to solve a particular problem in the organization. I would use the dialogic approach to manage the change in Yahoo. This is because, the approach is more friendly to the people who may be affected by the change in the organization. This will reduce the resistance to change that may have been experienced in case another approach was used. This approach makes organizational change smooth and successful. References Guidelines for the Management of Change for Process Safety. (2011). New York, NY: John Wiley Sons. Green, A., Hauser, J. (2012). Managing to change the world: The nonprofit manager's guide to getting results. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Rei, M. (2012). Change management: A balanced and blended approach. Norderstedt: Books on Demand. Wallace, M., Fertig, M., Schneller, E. (2007). Managing change in the public services. Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub. Beech, N., MacIntosh, R. (2012). Managing change: Enquiry and action. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Pole?se, M. (2000). The social sustainability of cities: Diversity and the management of change ; [international research project "Towards Socially Sustainable Cities: Building a Knowledge Base for Urban Management"]. Toronto [u.a.: Univ. of Toronto Press. Smillie, I., Hailey, J. (2001). Managing for change: Leadership, strategy and management in Asian NGOs. London [u.a.: Earthscan. Creasey, T. J., Hiatt, J. M. (2003). Change management: The people side of change. Madison, Wis: Prosci Learning Center Publications. Wallace, M., Fertig, M., Schneller, E. (2007). Managing change in the public services. Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub. Parkin, P. (2009). Managing change in healthcare: Using action research. Los Angeles: Sage. Sharma, R. R. (2007). Change management: Concepts and applications. New Delhi: Tata McGraw-Hill. Anderson, D., Ackerman-Anderson, L. S. (2010). Beyond change management: How to achieve breakthrough results through conscious change leadership. San Francisso: Pfeiffer. Johnson, A., Paton, K. (2007). Health promotion and health services: Management for change. South Melbourne, Vic: Oxford University Press. Finch, E. (2011). Facilities Change Management. New York, NY: John Wiley Sons. Paton, R. A., McCalman, J. (2008). Change Management: A Guide to Effective Implementation. London: Sage Publications Finch, E. (2011). Facilities Change Management. New York, NY: John Wiley Sons. Paton, R. A., McCalman, J. (2008). Change Management: A Guide to Effective Implementation. London: Sage Publications. Little, J. (2014). Lean change management: Innovative practices for managing organizational change. Griffin, W. H., Pareek, U. N. (2005). Management of change in education. Hyderabad, India: ICFAI University Press. Andriopoulos, C., Dawson, P. (2008). Managing change, creativity and innovation.

Vaccines and Autism A Critical Analysis of Thimerosal in Relation to Measles, Mumps, and Rubella

Role of Women in Deir El Medina essays

Role of Women in Deir El Medina essays The Egyptian workmans city known as Deir El-Medina existed from the 18th Dynasty, founded to facilitate the creators of the Royal Tombs of the Valley of the Kings and their families. The images of ancient slaves that are seared in to modern consciousness see them as tortured labourers, driven by the iron fist of their Pharaoh, however the inhabitants of Deir El-Medina were the contrary, living prosperous and free lives. Deir El-Medina which translates in Arabic to Monastery of the King , is one of the most well preserved ancient settlement of Egypt and was a highly skilled community of craftsmen who passed their enterprise from father to son. Whilst the majority of those who worked in the Royal tombs were men, a lot of the time the community was of women and they maintained a strong and significant role in the running of the city. Egyptian women were among the most respected and privileged of their time, living in a supposed egalitarian society. Evident in many of the ostraca and papyri records is the fact that women had superior legal rights in comparison to other working women around the world. Incidents of women presenting cases before their superiors and exercising their legal freedom are being continually discovered and translated. Among the recent examples is a papyri from the late middle kingdom including a copy of a case brought by a woman against her father's estate, demonstrating a 'married woman enjoying a completely independent legal personality'. Another example was in the literary text entitled "The Instructions of the (Vizier) Ptahhotep," preserved in Middle Kingdom, this stated: Do not contend with her in court. Keep her from power, restrain herher eye is her storm when she gazes. Thus will you make her stay in your house. This reference to contending with one's wife in court clearly indicates that women had legal rights and were willing to fight for them Legally a woman co...

Read the requirement carefully and finish on timethis is a group paper Essay

Read the requirement carefully and finish on timethis is a group paper with 3 members - Essay Example 201,000 in 2012. Since this profit is calculated before deducting interest and tax, so the company can plan for distribution of profits after deduction is done, i.e. on PAT (Profit after tax). On deduction of interest from the operating profit, there is a marked decrease in the Profit available before tax by ?94,000. This decrease in profit is due to increase in the amount of bank loan and bank overdraft in between September 2011 and September 2012 for the purpose of continuing operations of the business. As a result of decrease in profit after deduction of interest, the profit for the year has also decreased from ?107,000 in 2011 to ?64,000 in 2012. Reduction in profit would have an adverse effect on the business, such as, the company fail to pay the dues of its creditors, would not be able to pay appropriate dividends to its shareholders, as well the company would face problems in expansion as it would face shortage of funds. The ongoing activities of the business entity would also be affected with such decrease in profits. The financial position as per the balance sheet of TR Ltd. as at 30th September 2012, depicts the following- Though the value of non-current assets are shown in terms of written down value in the balance sheet, the market value of land and buildings as on 30th September 2012 in much more than its written down value. ... An increase in retained profit as on 30th September 2012 depicts that the business entity has retained a part of the profit earned. From the income statement it is found that the business has earned a profit of ?64,000 as on 30th September 2012. As the extra profit retained in the year 2012 amounts to ?34,000, so it can be concluded that the company has drawn an amount of ?34,000 from the profit of ?64,000 and added it to the balance of retained profit. The remaining ?30,000 out of the profit is declared as to be distributed as dividend for the year 2012. An increase in Bank Loan has increased the debt of the firm. Though bank loan is a long term debt but still the company would face problems in meeting its debt if the profit does not increase in the long run. As the profit has decreased in the year 2012 so the company would face problem in meeting its timely payments as agreed upon with the bank. The amount of current liabilities has in the year 2012 but as the profit in the year 20 12 has decreased the company would face problems in meeting the liabilities on time as it will face a shortage of funds. Though the current assets are more than the current liabilities to be met in the year 2012, but still the company would face problems in meeting its liabilities as because the balance of liquid cash available is not sufficient to meet the liabilities and Inventory is not a liquid asset and Trade receivables is yet to be realized. From the above, it can be concluded that the business is at a crucial stage in the year 2012. Though there has been improvement and increase in operations undertaken and performed for the growth and expansion of the business, still the marked decrease in profit

MEDICINAL COURSEWORK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

MEDICINAL COURSEWORK - Essay Example It is against this background that it is necessary that third party disease fighting defenses be introduced. Through chemistry and medicine, the commonest form of third party or external disease fighting defense that has been given to the human body has been by the use of drugs or what is commonly known as medicine. Depending on the disease that a person is battling, different drugs are introduced. One typical drug that has been very keen in body disease defenses is Omeprazole, having the been useful in the treatment of a host of diseases including dyspepsia, peptic ulcer disease (PUD), Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, gastroesophageal reflux disease among others (Hassan-Alin et al, 2001). With a market name of Losec, Omeprazole comes in several forms including tablets and capsules. In this essay, a very detailed chemistry analysis is made of the drug with an aim of trying to understand the medicinal value of the drug, background to the diseases that the drug treats, functionality of the drug, as well as an evaluation of how the drug performs its chemical roles in the human body. Disease Omeprazole is used to treat Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease Omeprazole has been found to be suitable in the treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, otherwise known as GORD or GERD (Lagerstrom and Persson, 1984). Gastro-oesophageal reflux is more of a medical condition, which involves the abnormal relaxation of the lower part of the oesophageal sphincter in such as way that easily allows the back flow or reflux of the stomach’s acidic content into the gullet (Andersson, 1991). It will be noted that the stomach’s acidic content has its special role that it plays in the stomach and has special compartments within the stomach specially designed to contain it (Hassan-Alin et l, 2000). For this reason, if the acidic content flows into undesignated places like the gullet, it causes uncomfortable reactions to patients involved. In most cases, it is the muscular ring found beneath the oesophagus that gets malfunctioning, resulting in the abnormal relaxation. Smoking and drinking, as well as heavy eating are all associated with the disease (Cederberg, Heggelund and Lundborg, 1991) and it comes with symptoms such as burning sensation in upper abdomen, sour taste of acid reflux in the mouth, excess belching and difficulty in breathing for some patients (Edvardsson, Heggelund and Lundborg, 1990). Fig. 1: A Person suffering from heartburns Source: Henderson, 2012 Peptic ulcers Peptic ulcer is a bacterial disease that involves damages to areas of the mucosa, commonly referred to as the inner lining of the stomach (Andersson et al, 1993). It would be noted that ulcers are generally wounds or open damages that affects various parts of the human body. Once such ulcers occur in the upper part of the intestine, also known as the duodenum or the mucosa of the stomach, peptic ulcer is said to have resulted. Peptic ulcers are commonly associated with the Heli cobacter pylori, which causes the ulcer in the identified spots of the stomach. As far as peptic ulcers are concerned, it is important that people know their state of risk to the disease so that they can moderate most of their intake contents including smoke, alcohol, some food and some medicine. This is because these intake contents have the potential of worsening risk of contracting the disease (Miners, Veronese and Birkett, 1994). Hitherto, it is advised that

Global and regional pricing Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Global and regional pricing - Research Paper Example The rationale for charging different prices, based on the specific regions, is that a particular region may demand businesses to charge a lower price for their products, while another location may require higher pricing due to the quality or reputation of the product. A person travelling from Tampa to Miami using a personal car will always discover that the price of Gasoline varies depending on the distance from the main highway, with higher prices being charged close to the highway and lower prices far away from the highway. Similarly, retail stores in the same locality may charge lower prices, for same products on the store floor, in different regions as a way of increasing sales volume from stocks that are not moving, improve store traffic or compete directly with different stores and retail chains. Differential regional pricing is therefore dependent on the popularity of the product, the competitiveness of the product and demographic characteristics of the customers in the differ ent regions. Price discrimination entails charging different prices for the same product or a variation of the same product, in different countries. Microsoft Corporation has emerged as a monopoly in the development and sell of computer software and programs. The company offers several versions of the Microsoft office program, which are priced differently, based on the various categories of consumers, including businesses, academia and personal computer users. Through price discrimination, Microsoft separates its consumers and charges different prices with the goal of capturing customer surpluses and optimizing its profit margins. Microsoft has been accused of charging different prices to the different consumers of the same product. Popa (2012) observes that Microsoft, Apple and Adobe face risks of legal proceedings due to their

Mild hypoxemia with a fully compensated respiratory acidosis

Mild hypoxemia with a fully compensated respiratory acidosis 92% 100%The following 5 ABG analyses were formulated using Pierces (2007) systematic analyses (p.55 60). Normal values according to Pierce are listed as follows: The systematic analysis is done by first looking at each number individually and labeling it. Second describing the adequacy of oxygenation by assessing PaO2 and SaO2. Pierce (2007) lists hypoxemia as mild ( ABG #1 FiO2 0.21 pH 7.40 Normal PaCO2 50 Acidemia PaO2 71 Hypoxemia HCO3 30.9 Alkalemia BE 5.0 Alkalemia SaO2 95.1 Normal Hb 12.9 Mr. Puffins PaO2 of 71 shows mild hypoxemia, with a SaO2 within normal limits. His pH of 7.40 is neutral and shows that his acid base status is within normal limits; however his PaCO2 of 50 demonstrates that he is acidotic and his elevated HCO3 indicates compensation is occurring. These results suggest Mr. Puffin has a mild hypoxemia with a fully compensated respiratory acidosis. His normal pH indicates full compensation is occurring, ABG#2 FiO2 0.50 pH 7.14 Acidemia PaCO2 127 Acidemia PaO2 44.2 Hypoxemia HCO3 41.6 Alkalemia BE 7.1 Alkalemia SaO2 69.2 Hypoxemia Hb 14.1 Mr. Puffins PaO2 and SaO2 show he has a severe hypoxemia. His pH of 7.14 is indicative that he is acidotic. His PaCO2 is elevated which shows the acidemia is respiratory in origin. The elevated HCO3 of 41.6 shows that metabolic compensation is occurring, therefore these results indicate Mr. Puffin has severe hypoxemia with a partially compensated respiratory acidosis. ABG #3 FiO2 0.40 pH 7.22 Acidemia PaCO2 99.6 Acidemia PaO2 45.3 Hypoxemia HCO3 39.9 Alkalemia BE 8.3 Alkalemia SaO2 Hb ABG #3 shows Mr. Puffins respiratory acidosis has improved due to BiPAP therapy. There is a slight increase in his PaO2 although it still shows severe hypoxemia. His pH has improved but still shows acidemia. PaCO2 has decreased due to BiPAP therapy but remains elevated and indicates respiratory remains his primary cause of acidosis. Mr. Puffins HCO3 is also still elevated indicative of partial compensation occurring. ABG #3 shows Mr. Puffin still remains severely hypoxic, with a partially compensated respiratory acidosis. ABG #4 FiO2 0.40 pH 7.32 Acidemia PaCO2 71.9 Acidemia PaO2 55.6 Hypoxemia HCO3 36.1 Alkalemia BE 8.0 Alkalemia SaO2 Hb ABG #4 shows further improvement in Mr. Puffins severe hypoxemia and respiratory acidosis. His PaO2 has increased further but still shows a severe hypoxemia. His pH although increased still suggests mild acidosis, as well as his PaCO2 of 71.9, although it has decreased, still indicates a respiratory origin. HCO3 remains elevated showing compensation is occurring; therefore Mr. Puffin still has severe hypoxemia with a partially compensated respiratory acidosis. ABG #5 FiO2 0.28 pH 7.00 Acidemia PaCO2 59.1 Acidemia PaO2 62.4 Hypoxemia HCO3 18 Acidemia BE -7.8 Acidemia SaO2 92% Hb 14.2 Mr. Puffins 5th ABG PaO2, indicates moderate hypoxemia. His pH is low and shows he is acidotic. An elevated PaCO2 suggests acidemia respiratory in nature. HCO3 is also low which also shows acidemia metabolic in nature. Mr. Puffin in ABG #5 has a moderate hypoxemia with a mixed respiratory and metabolic acidosis confirmed by the decreased BE. Question Two: What type of respiratory failure does Mr. Puffin have? Provide a rationale for your answer based on the clinical information supplied. Differentiate between Type 1 and Type 2 Respiratory failure. Respiratory failure as described by Pierce (2007) is the absence of the normal homeostatic state of ventilation as it relates to acid base status of the blood and the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide (p.181). Type 1 respiratory failure, Pierce (2007), describes as a failure to oxygenate or hypoxemic respiratory failure, categorized by a PaO2 of less than 60mm Hg on an FiO2 of more than 0.5, and Type 2 respiratory failure as failure to ventilate, also called ventilatory failure, hypercapnic respiratory failure, or respiratory pump failure, as a PaCO2 of greater than 50mm Hg, with a pH of 7.25 or less (p.181-182). In contrast to Pierces definition Hennessey Japp (2007) define respiratory failure as respiratory impairment. Hennessy Japp define type 1 respiratory impairment as low PaO2 with normal or low PaCO2 which implies defective oxygenation despite adequate ventilation and the PaCO2 is low due to compensatory hyperventilation (p.20). Hennessey Japp (2007), define type 2 respiratory impairment as a high PaCO2 (hypercapnia), and is due to inadequate alveolar ventilation, and since oxygenation also depends on ventilation, the PaO2 is usually low, but may be normal if the patient is on supplemental oxygen (p.22). Type 1 respiratory failure is most commonly caused by VQ mismatch, pneumonia, pulmonary embolism, pneumothorax, pulmonary edema, shunt and acute respiratory distress syndrome and initial treatment is aimed at achieving an adequate PaO2 and SaO2 with supplemental O2 while attempting to correct the underlying cause, Hennessey Japp (2007) p. 20. Type 2 respiratory failure is commonly caused by chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, exhaustion, flail chest injury, opiate/benzodiazepine toxicity, neuromuscular disorders and obstructive sleep apnea, with clinical signs that include confusion, drowsiness. Based on the case study information it is evident Mr. Puffin has Type 2 respiratory failure. The diagnosis of type 2 respiratory failure could be made through the interpretation of ABG #2 as he has a decreased pH and elevated PaCO2 with hypoxemia. His presentation of his difficulty breathing, productive green cough, drowsiness and confusion are consistent with the presentation of an acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease due to his previous diagnosis made by his doctor of emphysema. Question Three: What is BiPAP? BiPAP (Bi Level Positive Airway Pressure) is a form of non invasive mechanical ventilation commonly administered to patients with exacerbations of type 2 respiratory failure, that delivers two airway pressures through inspiration, (IPAP), and expiration, (EPAP) measured in cm H20. IPAP is the abbreviation for Inspiratory Positive Airway Pressure and EPAP is the abbreviation for Expiratory Positive Airway Pressure. BiPAP is delivered to the patient through an appropriate bilevel ventilator eg Vision BiPAP, or Respironics BiPAP, through a nasal mask, full face mask, or total face mask. Describe the effects of BiPAP. In your answer consider its effects on airway pressures, the alveoli, the lung, and the cardiovascular and neurological systems. When BiPAP is administered to a patient with type 2 respiratory failure, during inspiration (IPAP) a higher level of positive airway pressure is delivered, increasing breath size, which helps to clear out carbon dioxide and assumes a fatigued patients work of breathing, and during expiration (EPAP) prevents atelectasis, recruits collapsed alveoli and enables gas exchange between breaths (Woodrow 2003). The difference between IPAP and EPAP is termed pressure support so for example if Mr. Puffin was commenced on 12 cm H20 IPAP and 6 cm H20 EPAP he would have 6 cm H20 being the being the difference between 12 and 6 of pressure support. Pressure support decreases the work of breathing by initiating breathing and increasing tidal volume. Question Four: Outline the clinical indications for the use of BiPAP in Mr Puffins case. Discuss the monitoring that would be required for the safe application of BiPAP. List the possible complications of BiPAP that may occur in Mr Puffins case.

Absinthe: The Price of Creativity :: Biology Essays Research Papers

Absinthe: The Price of Creativity The practice of serious art, whether it be painting, music or literature, requires originalities of perception. At a level of neurobiology what this usually means is that the nervous system must respond in new ways to old inputs. How can in individual induce these responses that are needed for creativity? If creativity is a behavior, can it be influenced by things that occur in the brain? Some artists seem to be naturally endowed with the gift of creativity and the creation of these new responses to old information. Some artists seek to place themselves in ambient conditions in order to induce these new responses of the nervous system. And other artists seek out the help of drugs. Drugs can have a wide variety of effects, from mild physical effects to huge effects on personality and behavior. At the end of the 19th century there was an era of great creativity in Europe. Particularly in France, the Belle Epoch era brought with it a generation of artists that produced an enormous output of creativity. These artists survived in artistic circles which brought with them the notorious alcoholic drink called "absinthe". In 1910 to 1915 absinthe was recognized as a neurological poison throughout Europe, and it was also banned in the US. However, amongst the fans of absinthe we find some of the most creative minds of the era. These include; De Musset, Baudelaire, Verlaine, Zola, Oscar Wilde, Gaugin, Toulouse-Lautrec, Van Gough, Hemmingway and Picasso. (5) Oscar Wilde said of absinthe: "After the first glass, you see things as you wish they were. After the second, you see them as they are not. Finally, you see things as they really are, which is the most horrible thing in the world." Although absinthe had become the national drink of France by the end of the 19th century, absinthe had a reputation for inducing "insane and criminal acts" as well as convulsions and other effects of toxicity (1) Though absinthe contains a high volume of alcohol (usually 70%), it is not the ethyl alcohol that is the important neuro-active ingredient, but the terpenoid alpha-thujone. Thujone is derived from the oil of the plants, Artemisia absinthium (common names: bitter wormwood, wormseed, Wermutkraut, Asscnizio, Losna, Pelin) and Artemisia pontica (Roman Wormwood), both of the daisy family. The plant is described as a fragrant perennial herb about 1-4 feet tall with silver-green leaves, silky hairs on both sides of the leaves, and small yellowish-green flowers present during July-September (4).

Anh Van

So tourism is considered smokeless industry is more profitable. In addition, traveling solve a part of unemployment. According to World Tourism and Travel Council, in Vietnam. Employees directly involved in the tourism sector Is 1. 397 million people, about 3% of the total national labor. Thus one large labor is not unemployed, save some pressure for the government. Finally, traveling contributed to introduce the country and people of Vietnam. When more people travel to Vietnam, they will realize that Vietnam Is a country with many beautiful sign and safety.Then, they'll introduce Vietnam to their friend, their relatives†¦. , and the more people will travel to Vietnam. In short, solving a part of unemployment, increasing economic profit and contributing to Introduce the country and people of Vietnam are three reason of the impact of traveling. So we should invest more for traveling to boost economy. Topic: what are some factor causing stress and how to cope with stress. Today, s ociety is growing, and more and more workload. And human usually face stress. There are many causes of stress such as continuous working, environmental illusion. O we should take measures to cope with stress as regular exercise, participate In one of the entertainment activities. Continuous working Is a major cause of stress. Works which have the specific characteristics require employees to work continuously as nurses, soldiers, police . In addition, a number of people waning to make more money so they should work continuously such as teachers, information technology, business. So, unintentional, we create stress for ourselves. Besides, environmental pollution also contribute to our stress. Many of our very t OffSo that coping with stress, firstly we need to exercise regularly. This helps us to relax after work, and help us calm down when we encounter difficult situations. Furthermore, we should participate in one of the entertainment activities such as playing computer game, watch ing TV†¦ Sometimes, we can go out or go drinking with friends. In short, continuous working and environmental pollution are major cause of stress, so we should regular exercise or participate in one of the entertainment activities which can help us to cope with stress. Naturally, in each case, we will have suitable measure.

Jada Garrison Essays - Hashtags, World Wide Web, Computing

Jada Garrison Essays - Hashtags, World Wide Web, Computing Jada Garrison College Writing 1 ENG - 11011 - 007 11 October 2017 #WeNeedAnUnderstanding "When men say no in this culture, it's the end of the discussion. When a woman says no, it's the beginning of a negotiation. #YesAllWomen", posted by Zoe (@PowerViolence) via Twitter. #YesAllWomen is a worldwide hashtag twitter movement. This Twitter movement was created to let women share their experiences with one another about abuse towards women. This movement lets women from all across the globe come together and support one another in a time where support is needed. I think this hashtag movement is unique, these women are taking a stand on how men treat women and tell how oppression towards women is still present today. I feel this tweet is a great example of what the women partaking in the hashtag movement are trying to bring to attention. The movement, #YesAllWomen, was started in a response to a premeditated mass shooting, the Isla Vista Killings of 2014, that occurred in Santa Barbra. This shooting was planned and carried out by Elliot Rodgers, he had released a one hundred and forty page "misogynist manifesto" and posted a video to Youtube just before the shootings. The video and text both told of how he wanted to punish women who had rejected him in the past and envied sexually active men for their sexual activity. His greed took seven lives, including his own, and injured fourteen others. Leila Jade (@LeilaJL) posted to Twitter "Let's call the #Isla #Vista #Killings What They Were: #Misogynist #Extremism https://newrepublic.com/article/117908/isla-vista-killings-were-misogynist-extremism via @tnr #YesAllWomen". She included an article that continues to tell how misogyny is nothing new to us but continues to go unaddressed. 463550-127000 (Image 1) This Tweet published by Kaitlyn (@365OfMariskaH) shows the cruel honesty of today's society, this tweet also shows qualities of equivocation. No matter what you decide there's always a downfall, you can never achieve acceptance. If you stay pure you're a "square" but if you decide otherwise you'll be slut shammed. The movement makes interesting points on how men classify women based on their sexual morals and values. This Tweet unleashes the ugly truth of sexism and the double standards between men and women. It makes a guy cool to have multiple girls at his hip waiting for him, but for a girl to be in the same situation she must be a whore. These double standards mislead women into thinking that we should give all of our attention to a guy who may not be giving us the light of day, we get our hopes up time after time but still fall back into the same traps. With all of the uproar on the #YesAllWomen movement a second hashtag movement came about, #NotAllMen. This movement was intended for men to use to argue that not all men are like the ones being addressed by the #YesAllWomen movement. Soraya Chemaly (@schemaly) posted via Twitter "#NotAllMen practice violence against women but #YesAllWomen live with the threat of male violence. Every. Single. Day. All over the world." We need to understand that these movements are not out to pin each other against the wall and victimize one another. But that they are here to raise awareness, the #NotAllMen movement makes a huge impact Even though the #YesAllWomen movement was based off of an event that occurred in America, it has reached people from across the world. At each corner of the map girls are taught from a young age that girls are weak and boys are strong. These stereotypical thoughts are bashed into the heads of young women. Young girls are taught to dress appropriately, you wouldn't want men to get the wrong idea from the outfit that you are wearing. In an article "Around the World, Girls Are Taught the Same Limiting Lesson" published by The Huffington Post says, "Girls are taught from a very young age to be careful about how they dress and cover up their bodies essentially to keep themselves safe from sexual assault" and "In the U.S.it means girls get sent home from school because their skirt is too short. Boys aren't sent home for their physical appearance." As we all may know this topic being plastered all over every social

Supply Chain Analysis of Nutria Cereals The WritePass Journal

Supply Chain Analysis of Nutria Cereals INTRODUCTION Supply Chain Analysis of Nutria Cereals INTRODUCTION DefinitionCompanySatisfying the Needs of All age groups Children’sTEENAGERSBreakfast is important for teenagers. The carbohydrates and energy provided by cereals can help in maintaining concentration power throughout the day.BULKPACKAGINGProductsStrategy and goals Supply chain management system of Nutria Company 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Primary Sector : 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Secondary Sector:3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Tertiary sector:a)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Supply chain competitive strategy 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Beware of Cost advantage2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Supply chain as a strategic asset3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Focusing on customers How well the company’s supply chain is managed and organised? Supply chain risk managementVisibilityControlChaosBufferingConclusionReferencesRelated INTRODUCTION Definition A supply chain is a system of organizations, people, technology, activities, information and resources involved in moving a product or service from supplier to customer. Supply chain activities transform natural resources,  raw materials  and components into a finished product that is delivered to the end customer. In sophisticated supply chain systems, used products may re-enter the supply chain at any point where residual value is recyclable. Supply chains link  value chains.    Company Nutria Cereals is a manufacturing cereal company which is newly launched in India. This company experiments with different ways to cook cereals without losing their goodness. Though it nationalised in India in its borders but its main strategy is to expand globally in cereals, snack business through supply chain management to serve the improved diet for improved health. Today, many people regard breakfast as the most important meal of the day. A healthy diet is all about BALANCE eating more of some foods and less of others. Whole grain based cereals for breakfast, which are low in fat, low in sugar, high in fiber is a big step towards achieving a balanced diet. Satisfying the Needs of All age groups Children’s It is an excellent start for the day and will give them the energy and essential nutrients to help them enjoy their activities. TEENAGERS Breakfast is important for teenagers. The carbohydrates and energy provided by cereals can help in maintaining concentration power throughout the day. ADULTS Eating the right and breakfast will make you more alert, so taking time for breakfast is important as part of your daily routine. A cereal high in fiber like oats can also aid your digestive system, helping towards a healthier lifestyle. BULKPACKAGING We also cater to the industrial and institutional market by providing alternative picking in bulk. These bulk packing sizes range from 15kg bags to 30kg bags. The type of packaging will be as per customers requirements.    Products Nutria Cereal produces wide range of cereal products, such as Fruit cereal, Nutria Corn Flakes, Nutria special, Nuts and Fibre and Nutria Grain cereal Bars.       Strategy and goals Every Business Organisation will be focused on creation of profit but Nutria Cereals increasingly believes in acting responsibly in supply chain management and all sections rather than profit to become a better and long term business model for the customers and in terms of emission in manufacturing distribution and improving packaging. The mission is to drive sustainable growth through the power of brand by serving the needs of customers, consumers and communities. Supply chain management system of Nutria Company The following can be explained the supply chain management from manufacturing to shelf of Nutria Cereal company as follows: The industrial Supply chain management consist of 3 key sectors Primary Sector Secondary Sector Tertiary Sector 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Primary Sector : It can also be called as Extractive Sector. It provides raw materials such as oil and coal or food stocks like wheat corn. Example some raw materials are sold immediately for consumption as coal to power stations.    2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Secondary Sector: It can also be preferred as manufacturing sector which means Assemble products. Example Nutria company purchases corn for corn flakes 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Tertiary sector: This can be called as providing services such as retailing, banking or transport.  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The supply chain is a range of departments involved. This includes the above from Raw materials, Manufacturers, wholesalers to consumers. The business as a part of strategy, should also focus on distribute raw materials. a)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Supply chain competitive strategy    1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Beware of Cost advantage Firstly thinking about the competitive strategy we have if it s price then it not good because every existing company in the market will cut its prices to survive as best as possible and low cost producer. If we think strategically the company should beware of cost advantages and should focus on innovation, because innovation is more powerful than low cost. Example: Honda, Toyota collaborates with their suppliers to create an competitive strategy by focusing on innovations, including that will lower the cost of products and services throughout the entire supply chain. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Supply chain as a strategic asset Most probably supply chain is not used as a competitive strategy although it should be used so. The supply chain can be a strategic asset when the purchases are more than 40% of total corporate budget. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Focusing on customers The customers are the real root of the any Business. If the customers are not healthy in an organisation then you will inherit malady! More business is fail for the lack of sales or strategic positioning than other reasons. The company should understand the customer’s value need. The company should sell what their customers want rather than what the company want, this may lead to customers and brand loyal, for that the company should arrange the meeting with top ten or twenty customers. The objective behind is to make your customers more successful by offering them new innovations that helps us to beat our competitors, through increasing revenues and profit. How well the company’s supply chain is managed and organised? Nutria manufactures the right products on research into customers need. It off-course also focuses on its effective cost to give a competitive price to the competitors. It manages the distribution channels to place its products in different stores. The Supply chain management strategy to keeps the relationships with the retailers direct to improve its promotions of the products. All the retailers hold the less stock as they want to reduce warehousing cost. Though this strategy is more benefitted but according to latest learning of supply chain management Nutria company followed the system called JUST IN TIME to provide and efficient stock inventory system. (Just-in-Time: Just in time are that production that produces well to order and the business doesn’t hold any level of stock.) Stock control management system in Nutria corn flakes company Every company has its own capacity to maintain its stock and also depends on its size of the firm. But apart from stock maintenance the company should balance its each section of supply chain. In case of late deliveries and out of stock may lead to loss of goodwill and might lose the orders (sales) and the competitors can be benefitted with regular retailers. So the stock management should also focus in every organisation. But Inventory may be the most expensive capital asset and therefore deserves the most scrutiny when we examine business processes. By managing the supply chain to reduce inventory, companies can decrease facility, material handling, and storage equipment requirements. Using information technology infrastructure like Kellogg’s, companies can change how to schedule production, often without capital investment, and dramatically reduce work-in-progress (WIP) inventory and material handling needs. Inventory is usually managed by information systems that are relat ively flexible and easy to modify. They are certainly more flexible than facilities or material handling equipment, for that matter. Nutria Company is following the latest computerised technology in terms of maintaining stock and holding an efficient distribution system, which holds always accurate stock check, always full delivers and orders on time. This helps the company to manage its stock. Supply chain risk management Where do these supply chain risks come from? There are evidently tangible risks in the supply chain which lead to its poor performance, but what are not recognised in the same way are the intangible elements, that of the attitudes and perceptions of the users and members of the supply chain. The intangible lack of confidence in a supply chain leads to actions and interventions by supply chain members, which collectively, could increase the risk exposure. A classic example of this is the potential reaction from the customer facing end of a business. For example, if a sales team believes that order cycle and order fulfilment times are not reliable, they will devise their own means of addressing this. They may order stock so as to have supplies to support their key customers and put in phantom (ie their own private buffer stock) orders to secure supply, all causing inefficiencies. This risk spiral exists everywhere, and the only way to break the spiral is to find ways to increase confid ence in the supply chain. To do so, we need to understand the elements of the supply chain that can reduce the lack of confidence – visibility and control Visibility Confidence in a supply chain is weakened when end-to-end order cycle time, i.e., the time it takes from when an order is requested by a customer through to delivery, is excessively long viz a viz the Competitive market. The increased internationalisation of supply chains and the prevalent use of subcontract manufacturing, distribution and logistics partners can contribute to the length of time it takes to complete all the needed steps in the process. Associated with pipeline length is the lack of visibility within the pipeline. Hence, it is often the case that one member of a supply chain has no detailed knowledge of what goes on in other parts of the chain – finished goods inventory, material inventory, work-in-process, actual demands and forecasts, production plans, capacity, yields, and order status. Control In addition to visibility, supply chain confidence requires the ability to take control of the supply chain operations. Sadly, most supply chains do not have a great deal of control once the order is released. Hence, even if a supply chain manager has visibility of some part of the pipeline, he/she often could not make changes in a short time. For example, even if information is obtained on demand changes or on yield shortfalls, the supply chain manager may be helpless, since the suppliers may not be flexible to respond to any changes, or there are no expediting options Available, or the production line is inflexible and production scheduling changes are not feasible, etc. Semiconductor manufacturers are often faced with this problem of lack of control. The long lead times by factories are such that, even if the manufacturer is made aware of sudden market demand changes, it takes a long time to respond so that the market opportunities are then missed. Chaos Without supply chain confidence, members of the supply chain are liable to chaos and decision risks. Sales people start over-ordering since they do not have timely visibility of the correct demand signals, or they know from experience that supplies may be late or insufficient to fill the complete orders. Production plans are based on inflated production lead times due to similar lack of visibility and control. â€Å"Safety lead times† are commonly used in standard MRPs, since production Planners do not want to be blamed for production delays. The lack of means to expedite or flexibility in manufacturing also mean that any yield shortfalls or production downtimes have to be made up by additional production, and as a result, lead times are stretched out in production plans. The irony is that, when planned production lead times are inflated, actual lead times will gradually match the planned target, a human behaviour known as Parkinson’s Law, which states that when a goal is too lax, then the tendency is for workers to relax and actually â€Å"achieve† the goal. Buffering Without visibility and control, it is common that the supply chain is plagued with buffer inventories. Buffering is another means employed by supply chain managers to hedge against the uncertainties and risks in the supply chain. Excessive inventory of course leads to higher financial risks. Another means by which supply chain manager’s hedge against supply chain uncertainties and risks is investing in excessive capacity. The well-known episode of 1995-6 in the semiconductor industry is The condition of 1995 was chaos, with many IC orders left unfilled, lead times were excessive, and supplier unreliability’s were at an all-time high. Worried that demand would continue to outstrip supply, semiconductor manufacturers were concerned with ways to assure supply. The problems faced by fab-less semiconductor manufacturers were even more acute. Without clear demand and supply visibility throughout the supply chain, and the feeling of not having control of their own fabrication capabilities had resulted in many fab-less semiconductor manufacturers finding ways to invest in capacity Conclusion The three sections of supply chain interacted to ensure that the products and services should reach consumers through accurate supply chain management. The efficient delivery of products to the consumers can result the smooth running of business. Specialisation is more cost effective for Nutria and partnering with other industry specialist reduces the cost to the business, the customers and environment. Through the above strategy and risk management, Nutria Company, the customers and the other business can be benefitted.    References http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supply_chain yousigma.com/benchmarking/kelloggssupplychainmanagementtoreduceinventorycosts.html eurogarden.co/about-us.html#risk-management stanford.edu/group/scforum/Welcome/Supply%20Chain%20Confidence%20021402.pdf www.thetimes100.co.uk

Role of the State in Canadian Immigration Policy and Settlement Essay

Role of the State in Canadian Immigration Policy and Settlement - Essay Example The first question that needs to be answered is who has access to state power and the ability to make government policy? Of course the answer in an ideal situation would be the people. Democratic principles and democracy itself is founded on the rule of the people therefore in a perfect world, the people would get to decide who immigrates to Canada or not. The people of course are a very busy bunch therefore power of the people is delegated to those who are elected to be the representatives of the people. If there has to be one person who is given the responsibility of making all the decisions of state in Canada, it has to be the Prime Minister. The Prime Minster and the ruling party give their agenda to the people before they are elected and once they are elected, their standing on immigration becomes the people’s standing. It must be noted that the ideas given by politicians rarely become government policy in exact terms since the realities of state may demand some concessions. Eventually, with the help of law makers, legal advisors, economic analysts and the bureaucracy, the wishes of the people are translated into laws and policies. In a roundabout way, the wishes of the people are the guiding force behind the rules of the state but the reality seems different. For example, nearly 20% of the total population in Canada is immigrant yet family unification is not a top priority for the immigration policies maintained by the Canadian government since only 2.5% of immigrants in 2004 were permitted entry into Canada for the purposes of family reunification (Woroby, 2005). It can be assumed that the immigrant population would like to be reunited with their family members and bring them to Canada if possible yet Canadian immigration polices are focused in another direction altogether. Since the 1960s that direction has been the economic influence of

Aviation Unions And The Aviation Industry Essay

Aviation Unions And The Aviation Industry - Essay Example The trip took about 20 minutes, and the one-way fare was $5. The service ceased at the end of Florida's winter tourist season, but it was the first such venture that indicated scheduled air service could be commercially viable. Similar passenger services in the United States and Europe soon followed. The world wars triggered great revolutions in aircraft's capability and use. At the end of the First World War enterprising commercial air carriers took advantage of the disabled ground transportation system and the large surplus of aircraft and pilots in Europe. By 1930s government-sponsored airlines were operating well beyond Europe to the Middle East, Africa, Asia, and even Latin America. In the United Sates commercial aviation in the private sector was enabled by two historic laws in the mid-1920s: The technological impetus in aircraft capability and manufacturing capacity made enormous strides during World War II. At the end of the war all these efforts were directed towards commercial aviation. Governments around the world regulated the air transport industry primarily because of the nature of safety and security concerns involved. In 1978 U S deregulated the aviation industry. This allowed air carriers to serve any domestic market and charge whatever they thought the market could bear. Airline deregulation was intended to foster competition in the air transport market and bring better service and lower costs. The air transport industry has grown enormously in the second half of the 20th century. The number of passengers worldwide grew from 177 million in 1965 to an estimated 3.3 billion in 2000. The number of U.S. airline passengers for the same period increased from 103 million in 1965 to an estimated 666 million in 2000. Aviation industry experienced an upheaval after Sep tember 11. The world wide economic downturn had already affected the industry very badly and September 11 was the final nail on the coffin. With the sustainability of industry coming under strain new concepts of cooperation and understanding between airline companies started evolving. For airline carriers, deregulation created both opportunities and dangers. During the 1980s many new airlines were launched and most of them bombed when existing carriers intensified competition by expanding into markets they had not previously served. Mergers and acquisitions followed as carriers vied for greater share of the pie. To retain profitability airlines resorted to the 'outsourcing mantra.' The savings achieved through outsourcing were very attractive to ignore. Therefore, outsourcing has become an accepted and established form of cost savings mechanism not only in aviation industry but in many other sectors also. Although the organized labor is generally against the concept of outsourcing, they are forced to accept it in the overall interest of the company's survival. Professor Peter Turnbull (1) of Cardiff University Business School, who conducted a study on behalf of International Labor Organization, says that evidence suggests "the global economic slowdown was already

Ikea Case Summary Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Ikea Summary - Case Study Example IKEA is known to conduct business in 38 countries with 325 stores spread across the world (IKEA Group, 2013b). In 1984, IKEA had made its first attempt to penetrate the market of the U.S. In order to enter the U.S. retailing industry, the company implemented the global strategy in business. It should be noted that the global strategy was based on the principles of standardization, but not differentiation (Jonsson, 2008). Through this strategy, IKEA manufactured and sold standardized products in both the European and U.S. marketplaces. However, the company was quick to realize that the taste and preference pattern of potential buyers in the U.S. are greatly different from that of the Europeans. Hence, in order to enhance utility levels of the U.S. customers, IKEA had implemented the transnational or differentiated strategy of internationalization therein. Under this process, the organization started to design and manufacture furniture according to local taste and preference patterns i n the U.S. (Jonsson, 2008). IKEA also entered in other emerging markets such as China, with its transnational internationalization strategy. It entered into the market of China in 1998, through a legalized venture business agreement. The transnational operational strategy of IKEA was highly successful, which helped to tap a wide base of potential customers for its products worldwide. Nevertheless, it was noted that local Chinese companies recruited inexpensive laborers and procured cheaper raw materials than that of IKEA.

Face-to-Face Versus Online Education Essay Example for Free

Face-to-Face Versus Online Education Essay Education is essential to the future of our society. Many adults, including scholars and teachers, are constantly searching for the best way to educate students today. Face-to-face education, being the genuine form, seems to be the first choice of many students. However, online education is becoming more popular and is being used more often at universities. Online courses are convenient for some who have busy schedules which obstruct them from attending face-to-face courses. Online education may be the most convenient form of education, but is it an effective form? Several valid arguments have been made by scholars and other individuals claiming it meets both of these standards. The main question students and scholars would like to know is whether or not one form is better than the other. There are several differences between online and face-to-face education. Lecture classrooms are common in universities. They are an easy way to teach a large number of students at once, however, many students dislike lectures because it places them in the majority. In a lecture classroom setting, students may not have the chance to communicate with the professor or even their peers. Students may feel shy and intimidated by the amount of people around them. The online discussions, chat rooms, and e-mail features in web-based classes makes it virtually impossible to avoid communication with fellow students or teachers. The social barriers which exist in face-to-face communication often seem to be non-existent in online communication and students feel a lot less pressured to speak up, or should I say type up. Online communication, however, does not allow for nonverbal cues and this tends to limit the quality of certain discussions and lecture notes. Some  students may feel they need to be face-to-face with the person teaching them in order to better understand and comprehend the material being presented. Being able to hear what the professor has to say can draw the attention of some and distract the attention of others, sometimes depending on the excellence of the professor. Students are encouraged to try web classes if they have trouble learning from what they hear and find it easier to comprehend what they read. The convenience of online learning is possibly its most brilliant quality. Students find it practical that they can attend a class while sitting in the comfort of their own home. Soldiers, pregnant women, and others with tight schedules are all able to complete their course work in a timely manner through web-based courses. A man who works full time as an assistant at law firm and wants to continue working, while attending classes so he can become a lawyer himself, may want to take online courses instead of face-to-face in order to accomplish both goals. I think situations like this one makes online learning brilliant since it opens doors of opportunity to certain people. By posting information in discussion forums up to several times a day, professors can keep students working, but the students can respond when they have the chance. Online courses allow convenience for time and patience also. Think about the amount of time you spend driving to school and walking to classes, or the frustration of trying to get to a class on time while searching for a parking space in which you wont be towed or ticketed. I spend up to twenty minutes of some school days driving in my car, congested with my vulgarity and frustration, searching for a parking space. Even with the beauty of all its aspects, some say convenience should not be an alternative to higher education. Even though convenience is a positive attribute about the online classroom, it may not be enough to provide for the social and educational needs of students. (Barakat) Students have claimed that they like the idea of not having to attend class but disliked the process of communicating in a delayed, impersonal manner.(Barakat) Through my online education experience, I have found that there are benefits  and disadvantages communicating on the web. Since times and meeting places are not specified in online group work, members of the group cannot make excuses on why they cannot attend. The assignments can be worked on by each group member on their own time. The group members can then cooperate with one another through postings or e-mail to equally combine their contributions. We dont have to worry about the group members who did not participate receiving credit (as commonly happens in in-class group work) because we submit only the names of those who participated in the assignment. Having experienced both online and face-to-face education, I have come to the popular opinion: Online education has its positive aspects in relation to convenience and quantity of communication, however, I believe that face-to-face education produces better quality of communication which, in the end, is more essential to the learning process. Online education is convenient and can grant students opportunity to communicate more often with their professors and peers through postings and mail forums. Face-to-face education allows students to learn in a more personal nature which may make the learning process easier and more enjoyable. Neither form of education has been declared the right, or best form. Different individuals have varied beliefs and opinions on which type of education is the best. In order to form an opinion as to which form of education is best for you develop a hypothesis and then experiment by experiencing both forms. Finally, ask yourself, Is online education as effective as traditional face-to-face education? References Barakat., Dr. Samer A. On-line Education Versus Classroom Face To Face Education. www.sharjah.ac.ae/academic/engineering/e-forum/Abstracts-htm/a2-4.htm#. Kindred, Jeannette. Thinking About the Online Classroom: Evaluating the Ideal Versus the Real. www.acjournal.org/holdings/vol3/Iss3/rogue4/kindred.html. Chamberlin, Sean W. Face-to-Face vs. Cyberspace: Finding the Middle Ground. Syllabus Magazine. Thu., Mar. 4, 2004. J. R. Bourne, A. J. Brodersen, J. O., A Model for On-Line Learning Networks in Engineering Education, Journal of Engineering Education, Vol. 85, No 3

The Importance Of Bioequivalence

The Importance Of Bioequivalence Bioequivalence is defined as the absence of a significant difference in the rate extent to which the active ingredient or active moiety in pharmaceutical equivalent or pharmaceutical alternative become available at the site of drug action when administered at the same molar dose under similar conditions in an appropriately designed study (Huixiao et al., 2009). The importance of bioequivalence studies is increasing due to the large growth of the production and consumption of generic product (Vetchà ½ et al., 2007). Bioequivalence also assess the relative bioavailability of two drug products thus focuses on comparative drug product performance (Mei-Ling et al., 2001). The rationale of bioequivalence study is the monitoring of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters after the administration of tested drugs (Vetchà ½ et al., 2007). A standard pharmacokinetic study is the conventional method for evaluating the pharmacokinetics of a drug in human subjects. Deferiprone (DFP, Ferriproxà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢, Kelferà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢, L1, CP20) was synthetic hydroxypyridinone iron chelator isolated from legume Mimosa paduca (Clarke and Martell 1992) to be taken orally, and bind iron in conditions of iron overload (Kontoghiorghes, G.J, 1985). Iron was essential to all species and there was no physiologic excretory pathway for this essential element (Andrews, 1999). In conditions of primary iron overload (eg, hemochromatosis) or secondary iron overload (eg, transfusion-dependant thalassemia), accumulation of this potentially toxic element results in massive iron accumulation and lead to generation of toxic free radical damage (Rund and Rachmilewitz 2005). DFP was used in the treatment of Thalassemia Major and was also used worldwide to treat cancer, leukemia, hemodialysis and other diseases like detoxification metals, such as aluminum in hemodialysis patients (Paschalidis et al., 1999; Di-Ji et al., 2004). Deferiprone was the worlds first and only or ally active iron chelating drug, which was effective and inexpensive to synthesize thus increasing the prospects of making it available to most thalassemia patients in third world countries who are not currently receiving any form of chelation therapy (Kontoghiorghes et al., 2004). DFP is a bidentate chelator and has a two pka of 3.6 and 9.9 (Hider and Liu 2003) with strong iron binding properties of pFe3+ 19.6 and pFe2+ 5.6 thus binding it in 3:1 complex indicating a high degree of relative specificity for trivalent iron (Clarke and Martell 1992; Tam et al 2003). It was a water soluble compound with partition coefficient of 0.11 and has a molecular weight of 139 Da which made them move freely through cell membranes of the body. DFP absorbed rapidly and completely after oral administration. . Deferiprone appears in plasma within 5 to 10 minutes of ingestion and Peak plasma levels achieved within 1 hour after administration. Food reduces the rate of absorption but not the extent of absorption thus reducing the peak concentration with Cmax of about 100 µmol/L in fasting state and about 85 µmol/L (Matsui et al 1991; Al-Refaie et al 1995a). Deferiprone is metabolized to the inactive glucuronide that is the predominant form recovered in the urine (James et al., 2001). The drug was eliminated rapidly with a half-life of about 2 hours due to hepatic biotransformation. It was metabolized by glucuronidation and about 90% of the drug excreted in urine as glucuronide. Half-life was shorter in healthy subjects of about 1.3 hours than that of thalassemia subjects having 2.3 hours (Stobie et al 1993). Most frequently occurring side effects are transient gastrointestinal symptoms (GI) such as nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain (Cohen et al 2003). OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to evaluate bioequivalence of new tablet formulation of Deferiprone with Ferriprox ® (Apotex, Canada). MATERIALS AND METHODS Materials Two drug products of deferiprone 500 mg tablet were used for invivo bioequivalence study. One was the test product (Test) manufactured locally and another was the Reference or innovators products. Deferiprone standard was supplied by Assistant Drug Controller, Ministry of Health, Islamabad. Acetonitrile and methanol HPLC grade were purchased from MERCK. Study products The test formulations were Ferrinil 500 mg tablet Batch Noà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. , expiry à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦, and the reference product Ferriprox ® 500 mg tablet Batch Noà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ expiryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Apotex INC., Canada). Human subjects The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of BeSt Center, Faculty of Biosciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore. Twelve healthy Pakistani male volunteers aged between 18-55 years were included in the study. All volunteers were in good health confirmed by physical and clinical laboratory examination including serology, hematology and biochemical test. All volunteers were abstained from other drug intake and alcoholic preparations three weeks prior to and throughout the study. Those volunteers who had chronic smoking history, alcoholic intake and caffeine intake were excluded. Study design The study carried out was randomized, two-treatment, two-period, two-sequence, single dose crossover study with two weeks wash-out period. Each volunteer was in fasted state approximately 10 hours prior to the study. Each volunteer received a single dose of 1000 mg deferiprone with 240 ml of water. Blood samples were collected immediately before and 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 6, 8 and 12 hours after drug intake. A standardized lunch is consumed after blood sampling at 4 hours. The plasma were separated by centrifugation and stored at -80 °C. ANALYTICAL METHOD The analytical method was modified by the method of Goddard et al.1990 using validated HPL method DATA ANALYSIS The pharmacokinetic parameters of both test and reference drug were compared and was determined by taking Cmax and Tmax directly from the individual concentration versus time data. Elimination rate constant was determined from log-linear least squared regression of the terminal part of the plasma concentration versus time curve. Half-life was estimated from equation 0.693/Kel. The area under the concentration versus time curve was calculated by linear trapezoidal rule. The comparison of generic product of deferiprone 500 mg with innovators product was assessed using relevant pharmacokinetic parameters, Cmax, Tmax, AUC (0-t) and AUC (0-à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¾) and was transformed to logarithmic scale before statistical analysis. The difference of the mean corresponding log Cmax, log AUC(0-t) and log AUC(0-à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¾) between the two products will be determined by 2-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) for a crossover design at the significant level of ÃŽÂ ± = 0.05. The 90% confidence interval (CI) (two-one sided test) for the differences of the mean log Cmax, log AUC(0-t) and log AUC(0-à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¾) between the two products were calculated. The two products are considered to be bioequivalent when 90% CI of the differences of all parameters were within WHO accepted range of 80%-125%.